Manchu Rise (1600-1644) 

*Outer China (Inner Asia)

*Han Chinese

Ethnic minorities

Ming dynasty (1368-1644)

China Proper

Qing dynasty (1644-1911)

From Manchuria

Conquered

Inner Mongolia

China Proper

Tibet

Xinjiang

Ecology

Forest, desert and steppe

Traditional economy

Pastoral nomadism

Oasis agriculture

*Qing (1644-1911)

*Manchuria

Japanese geographers coined name around 1800

Called “Northeast” (Dongbei 東北) in modern Chinese

Jurchen

Jin Dynasty

Ruled North China from 1115 to 1234

Ecology

Forest

Steppe

Jurchen (Manchu) Society

Tribal

Lifestyles

Hunting and fishing

Herding

Farming

Fur trading

Rising Political and Military Power

*Nurhachi (1559-1626)

Wars of Jurchen unification

Khan, 1607

Emperor of Jin Dynasty, 1616

“Radiant emperor who Heaven has designated to nourish the many countries”

Conquered Liaodong, 1618-1621

Capital at Mukden (Shenyang)

*Hong Taiji (Abahai) (1592-1643)

Khalkha Mongol allegiance, 1638

Political-Cultural policies

Coins term “Manchu”

Renames dynasty “Qing” in 1636

Fully implements Chinese-style bureaucratic system

Elliott, Emperor Qianlong, xi-xiii, chaps. 1-2

1.How does the emperor come across as a human being in this portion of the reading?

• What type of individual is he as a young man?
• How was he educated?
• Why was he chosen to inherit the throne?

2. What were his activities in a typical day (pp. 23-25)?

• Does he work harder than he should?

3. How difficult was it for him to take over running a major empire when he was only about 25 years old?

• How did Qianlong’s family life and personality affect his exercise of official duties?
• How did he attempt to emerge from the shadow of his father and grandfather in running the affairs of the empire?